Got your hands on a space rock? Here's how to know for sure!

Friday, November 4, 2016, 3:01 PM - A blaze of light flashes through the darkness, flaring so brightly that, for just a few moments, night becomes like day. Finding the object behind this brilliant display may reveal answers to mysteries about the birth of our solar system, or could provide us with even deeper questions to be answered. Here's your guide to meteorites and everything you need to know to find them.

Quick Facts:

• A rock in space is a meteoroid, which produces a meteor flash of light in the atmosphere, and becomes a meteorite if it hits the ground
• It is estimated that as much as 300 metric tons of meteorites plunge into Earth's atmosphere every day
• There are three basic kinds of meteorites - iron, stony and stony-iron
• Most meteorites contain some of the earliest minerals to form in our solar system, over 4.5 billion years ago
• Some meteorites are even from other planets and the Moon
• So far, no rock brought in to the Royal Ontario Museum for identification has turned out to be a meteorite, but will you be the first?

In general, the relationship between Earth and Space appears fairly tranquil.

We have a few prominent meteor showers each year, as well as several minor ones that may or may not be noticed, depending on the phase of the Moon and the local light pollution. Occasionally there's an exceptionally bright meteor that flashes through our sky, and perhaps once a century, we witness something much bigger - such as the object that exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia in February 2013.

Chelyabinsk bolide, Feb 15, 2013. Credti: Gifrific

In between these events, though, it doesn't seem like much happens.

Appearances can be deceiving, though.

Based on careful surveys, it is now estimated that anywhere from 5 to 300 metric tons of cosmic rock and ice (aka meteoroids) plunge into Earth's atmosphere every day, all travelling at anywhere from 40,000 to 256,000 kilometres per hour when they hit the top of the atmosphere.

If we were able to capture a day's worth of accumulated meteoroids, before they flashed through the sky, we would find that most would be microscopic dust grains and ice crystals. They would get larger from there, but as the size increases, you would find fewer and fewer samples, with ones that get up over a metre in size being quite rare.

A primer on meteoroids, meteors and meteorites. Credits: Scott Sutherland / NASA JPL (Asteroids Ida & Dactyl) / NASA Earth Observatory (Blue Marble)

The smallest meteoroids go unnoticed as they enter the atmosphere. Although they've moving fast, they're so small that they are vapourized almost immediately. Larger grains survive longer and produce streaks of light across the sky (aka meteors). This occurs as the bit of rock or ice compresses the air in its path, causing the air to heat up to the point where it glows. Many of these do not survive, as the intense heat of the air surrounding them eventually vapourizes them, as well.

Even larger meteoroids produce very bright meteors, which are called fireballs, or bolides if the meteoroid explodes, and these are the ones that survive all the way to the surface to become meteorites.

Watch below as Dr. Kim Tait, Curator of Mineralogy at the Royal Ontario Museum, talks about the three basic types of meteorites.

With these three basic kinds of meteorites, iron,

stony and

stony-iron,

it's perhaps the stony ones that can tell us the most about the history of our solar system.

This is simply based on the crystals, granules and other components that make up each of these rocks, since many of them are virtually untouched since they were formed, over 4.5 billion years ago.

Royal Ontario Museum technician Ian Nicklin, below, relates just how much we can learn from one of these stony meteorites.

According to Nicklin, this large stony meteorite is a chondrite meteorite, named for the tiny, rounded mineral granules - known as chondrules - that surround the ancient calcium aluminum inclusions (CAI) he talks about above.

Nicklin says that there are likely many different processes that formed these chondrules, but invariably it involved the CAI crystals being flash heated to their melting point. In the zero-g environment of space, these molten minerals settled into rounded spheroid shapes and then quickly froze into that shape.

The meteoroid itself most likely formed over time as the chondrules and CAIs stuck together due to a combination of accumulated space dust, the gases in the space environment and the heat of these objects brushing up against one another as they jostled around in the inner solar system.

As simple conglomerations of these earliest minerals, chondrites are some of the most primitive objects in our solar system, and these represent the majority of meteorites found on Earth.

Less than 10 per cent of meteorites found are more evolved objects, known as achondrites. These were meteoroids that went through some kind of processing at an early point in their history - collisions, heating, melting - which melded all the chondrules together into a more uniform consistency, long before they came crashing down to Earth.

So, chondrites and achondrites represent some very primitive chunks of our solar system, but not all meteorites are.

Some were once part of much more evolved bodies, before they were were blasted into space, and eventually found their way to Earth's surface.

One of these meteorites, which Nicklin talks about here, is actually very likely from a well-known object in our solar system - the second largest asteroid in the asteroid belt, 4 Vesta!

Of course, that's a very specific claim: that this particular olivine diogenite meteorite is from asteroid 4 Vesta, as opposed to another of the thousands and thousands of asteroids and meteoroids that exist out in our solar system.

So, how can we be sure - even just reasonably sure - that this meteorite was once a part of 4 Vesta?

The answer lies in light, or more specifically, comparing the light we receive from objects in space to light reflected off the surface of these meteorites in the lab. In this case, according to Nicklin, the laboratory spectral analysis of this meteorite matched very closely with the spectral analysis of 4 Vesta acquired via telescopes.

Thus, while it's possible that this meteorite could be from a different, but similar asteroid, all the evidence currently points to 4 Vesta.

So, these meteorites were all once meteoroids, or were part of a larger asteroid, but some meteorites were once part of much, much larger, and far more famous objects, as Nicklin discusses here.

The dark Tissint meteorite that he shows us is just one piece of a larger meteorite that fell to Earth in the Moroccan desert, exploding into multiple pieces in the process, on July 18, 2011. Although Mars looks reddish orange to us in images, this is due to the oxidized dust ("rust dust") that covers everything there. Wipe that dust off, as NASA's Curiosity rover has done, and you see the gray Martian basalt rock that is revealed beneath the Tissint meteorite's black fusion crust.

Mars meteorite

Moon meteorite

The Tissint meteorite is just one example of meteorites that contained extra clues about their origins, in the form of tiny bubbles locked away inside, as Nicklin explains below.

Although all meteorites are fascinating in their own right, and can hold important clues regarding the formation of our solar system, some are also exceptionally beautiful, such as these stony-iron "Pallasite" meteorites.

Pallasite meteorites on display in the Earth and Space collection of the Royal Ontario Museum, with a closeup view of the structure.

These meteorites are composed of olivine crystals, similar to the piece of 4 Vesta that Ian Nicklin discussed above, that are embedded in a larger mass of iron-nickel. These samples are even more impressive when they are sliced thin, as shown in closeup on the right, above, so that light can shine through the olivine.

Here's how to identify a meteorite

So, now that we know what the different kinds of meteorites are, and how they formed, how do we tell if we've actually found a meteorite?

Here's Dr. Tait with the details on what to look for.

For all the meteorites out there to be found, there are even more meteor-wrongs, which is the joking name for any rock that may have been thought to be a meteorite, but upon examination, turned out to be just a normal terrestrial rock.

What's the most common thing to be mistaken for a meteorite? It might not be what you think, as Dr. Tait explains here.

So, now that you've read about meteorites and learned about them from these amazing ROM scientists, what do you do if you've found an interesting rock, tested it, and you think that it really is a meteorite?

Bring it in to the experts, so that they can examine it!

The Royal Ontario Museum hosts Rock, Gem, Mineral, Fossil, and Meteorite Identification Clinics, for just this purpose, and the next one is scheduled for Wednesday, December 7, from 4-5:30 p.m., in the ROM's School Groups lunchroom, just inside the President’s Choice School Entrance.

Will you be the first?

According to Dr. Tait, so far, of all the samples that people have brought in as suspected meteorites during her time at the ROM, not one has actually turned out to be a true meteorite. They have all simply been terrestrial rocks.

The only true meteorites that they have seen there were ones that had already been confirmed as being meteoritic, such as all of those they currently have on display, and the even more extensive collection in storage.

That's not to say that it will never happen, however, so the public should not be discouraged by this. In fact, it should inspire people to get out and look even more!

"What I like about it is that people are looking at the ground, looking at samples that are around, and asking questions," Dr. Tait told The Weather Network. "That's great. We love to see that."

So, be curious! Check out the interesting rocks that you see around you outside. Test them against what you've learned here, and if you think you've found something, bring it to an expert for confirmation.

Who knows? You may end up being the very first person to bring a true meteorite in to Dr. Tait and her team at the ROM!